Melanchthon inherited from his parents, Barbara Reuter and Georg Schwartzerd, a deep sense of piety that never left him. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Theologically, this means that we believe in the same five basic principles that guided Martin Luther, John Calvin, Philip Melanchthon, and so many other Protestant Reformers. At Luther’s urging, Melanchthon lectured on Paul’s Letter to the Romans and in 1521 published the Loci communes rerum theologicarum (“Theological Commonplaces”), the first systematic treatment of Reformation thought. He was the first systematic theologian of the Reformation. Melanchthon wrote the first general summary of theology from an evangelical perspective. -- Melanchthon scholar Dr. Timothy J. Wengert speaking in 1997 on the 500th birthday of Philip Melanchthon. Philip Melanchthon challenged believers to give varying levels of Christian freedom to one another in these areas. Image of Luther's preface of Theodorus Bibiliander's translation of the Qur'an, (source: wikipeda) 2. On receiving the M.A. In the best tradition of the time, Melanchthon was a humanist. ... (based on the Protestant beliefs) like the University of Wittenberg. Beliefs by the early Christian church about Jesus' resurrection Simply because someone is less visible does not mean that they are less important to the cause of Kingdom-building. “Melanchthon, the Number Two.”, Charles Scribner: New York, 1888. Philip’s reply was, “Nothing expect heaven; ask me no more.” He was a friend of Martin Luther and defended his views. When Philip Melanchthon came to the university, he impressed many people with his ability to lecture. The Augsburg Confession (Philip Melanchthon, 1530) 5. Commentary on biblical doctrines, learn the life of Philip Melanchthon, teacher & theologian responsible for drafting documents, codifying Christian beliefs However, the document was very hard on the Lutherans. The Small Catechism (Martin Luther, 1529) 7. These two figures, by complementing each other, could be said to have harmoniously achieved the results of the Reformation. He helped found the universities of Königsberg, Jena, and Marburg and reformed those of Greifswald, Wittenberg, Cologne, Tübingen, Leipzig, Heidelberg, Rostock, and Frankfurt an der Oder. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! At the Diet of Augsburg (1530) Melanchthon was the leading representative of the Reformation, and it was he who prepared the Augsburg Confession, which … Philipp Melanchthon was fourteen years Luther's junior, but Luther had the greatest respect for the younger man and recognized how the Lord had … Philipp Melanchthon, original name Philipp Schwartzerd, (born February 15, 1497, Bretten, Palatinate [Germany]—died April 19, 1560, probably Wittenberg, Saxony), German author of the Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran Church (1530), humanist, Reformer, theologian, and educator. It is to be noted that Melanchthon used as a basis of the 281 discussion an edition of the Augsburg Confession which had been revised by him (1540), and later was called Variata. Source for information on Melanchthon, Philipp (1497–1560): Encyclopedia of Philosophy dictionary. But he never wanted to start a new religion, that was more Philip Melanchthon who is the actual founder of the Lutheran Church. That individual was Philip Melanchthon, known as the quiet reformer. Updates? 4. These five principles have traditionally been expressed in Latin, but you’ll find them here listed in English, too. Camp Meetings Emeritus Professor of the History of Christianity, Chicago Theological Seminary. Three editions of the Loci communes appeared before the end of the year and 18 editions by 1525, in addition to printings of a German translation. In 1530 an imperial diet took place in Augsburg to craft a statement in an attempt to bring religious unity. He was praised by the great Dutch humanist Erasmus, and his name became known in England. In 1521 Melanchthon published the Loci Communes, the first systematic treatment of the new Wittenberg theology developed by … Then in 1517, the Elector of Saxony decided that he did not want to see the University of Wittenberg fall behind the times and so Philip was brought to the university to teach Greek. Charles then forced a decree, called the Augsburg Interim, on Germany which was supposed to reconcile Catholics and Protestants. While living with his grandmother, Dr. Johann Reuchlin became involved in his life. After Luther came back from hiding, Melanchthon helped him refine his translation of the Bible. In 1508, within a period of 11 days, both his grandfather Reuter and his father died, his father after four years of invalidism. Throughout Philip’s life he was known as a quiet, pious man who was moderate and committed to finding unity. A Catholic apologist has uncovered the long hidden fact that Philip Melanchthon, one of the chief figures of the 16th century Protestant Reformation had “strong enthusiasm for astrology.” He does this because he’s trying “ to show the true nature of these "reformer's" beliefs, in all of their flying colors. His efforts earned him the title “Preceptor of Germany.”. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Contact Us. Melanchthon made a point-by-point denunciation of Roman Catholic doctrines in general and Jesuit beliefs in particular, especially the mass, the invocation of saints and purgatory. All orthodox Lutheran church bodies base their teachings upon this treatise because they believe that it is a faithful to Word of God. Philip Melancthon was born Philip Schwartzerd at Bretten in Swabia, the … Penn View The last edition in 1558 was much enlarged and changed. In the last few years of his life, Philip Melanchthon became rather ill. Melanchthon said that the Catholic Church would never reform and the only way to bring the truth to the people was to start a new religion, and of course Luther disagreed with him. Through the work of Melanchthon and the consultation of Luther the Augsburg Confession was written. [19] Timothy J. Wengert, Human Freedom, Christian Righteousness: Philip Melanchthon’s Exegetical Debate with Erasmus of Rotterdam (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998), 14. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philipp-Melanchthon, Christian Classics Ethereal Library - Biography of Philipp Melanchthon, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of Philipp Melancthon, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Philipp Melanchthon, Wittenberg Institutions - Philipp Melanchthon, Fact Monster - People - Biography of Philip Melanchthon, Researcher’s Note: The posting of the theses, “Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope”. Summary: Some 500 years ago, Martin Luther and St. Ignatius of Loyola were caught in the same struggle between faith and works that has been raging since the beginning of time. Philipp Melanchthon, along with Martin Luther, was the primary founder of Lutheranism. He believed that God was the Creator of all things, was the Source of all truth, and that the Scriptures undergirded the basis for scientific rationale in the modern era. GM Standard The words themselves are straightforward Latin which can be used to … Melanchthon, for the sake of peace, proposed a settlement which would preserve the essentials of the Faith as understood by the Lutherans, but would make concessions on ritual and practice and on non-essention matters of doctrine. Philipp Melanchthon, original name Philipp Schwartzerd, (born February 15, 1497, Bretten, Palatinate [Germany]—died April 19, 1560, probably Wittenberg, Saxony), German author of the Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran Church (1530), humanist, Reformer, theologian, and educator. Throughout Philip’s life he was known as a quiet, pious man who was moderate and committed to finding unity. The Augsburg Confession - Philip Melanchthon (1530) The Augsburg Confession is the first of the great Protestant Confessions. Luther declared that the Loci communes deserved a place in the canon of scriptures; the University of Cambridge in England later made it required reading, and Queen Elizabeth I virtually memorized it so she could converse about theology. In Oct., 1540, Melanchthon took an important part in the religious colloquy of Worms, where he defended clearly and firmly the doctrines of the Augsburg Confession. Wengert, Timothy J. “Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and Their Wittenberg Colleagues.”. Very shortly thereafter Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon became friends and worked together in a number of ways. Philipp’s first tutor instilled in him a lifelong love of Latin and Classical literature, and at the Pforzheim Latin school he received further humanistic training and had his name changed from Schwartzerd to its Greek equivalent, Melanchthon (meaning “black earth”). Original sin is a native propensity, an inordinate self-concern tainting all man’s actions. It soon became clear that a revision of the interim was necessary. On many occasions in the 16th century, Martin Luther and other evangelical reformers were asked to give an account of their teaching and practice. He was a friend of Martin Luther and defended his views. When he was near death, he was asked by a doctor if he wanted anything. In response Philip Melanchthon, one of Luther’s colleagues, wrote, “We must see what Scripture attributes to the law and what it attributes to the promises. Philip’s reply was, “Nothing expect heaven; ask me no more.” Philip Melanchthon died on April 19, 1560 and was buried, in the floor of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, beside Martin Luther. Drawing on scripture, Melanchthon argued that sin is more than an external act; it reaches beyond reason into human will and emotions so that the individual human cannot simply resolve to do good works and earn merit before God. -Moderate statement of Lutheran beliefs -Drafted by Melanchthon who presented it at the Diet of Augsburg-Was rejected completely by Charles V-Had huge impact as converting cities after 1530 adopted it as their statement of belief The Large Catechism (Martin Luther, 1529) 8. Not long after Luther’s death, Charles V, of the Holy Roman Empire, invaded Germany attacking the portions of the country that had accepted the Reformation. Melanchthon’s educational plan was widely copied throughout Germany, and at least 56 cities asked his advice in founding schools. When he was near death, he was asked by a doctor if he wanted anything. Additionally, Philip Melanchthon's latin preface (Praemonitio) to Bibliander's Qur'an (1543) is available online here (but I have not tracked down a translation of it yet). Because of his academic expertise, he was asked to help in founding schools, and he played an important role in reforming public schools in Germany. On February 16, 1497, German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther,[] the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, and intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation Philipp Melanchton was born. From his Bretten surroundings (where five citizens were burned as witches in 1504), he absorbed a sense of the occult that combined later with biblical references to stars, dreams, and devils to make him a firm believer in astrology and demonology. Omissions? He began his day at 2:00 am and gave lectures, often to as many as 600 students, at 6:00. Philipp Melanchthon (February 16, 1497 April 19, 1560) German author of the Augsburg Confession of the Lutheran Church (1530), humanist, theologian, and educator. Only four days after his arrival, he addressed the university on “The Improvement of Studies,” boldly setting forth a humanistic program and calling for a return to Classical and Christian sources in order to regenerate theology and rejuvenate society. When Martin Luther died in February 1546, Philip Melanchthon delivered the oration at the funeral. MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP (1497 – 1560), born Philipp Schwartzerd; German theologian and major sixteenth-century reformer, writer of Protestantism's first systematic theology, organizer of the Protestant public school system, and author of two statements of Lutheran belief: the … His energy was phenomenal. While his popularity waned, Melanchthon made amazing contributions to the larger movement of the Reformation. Luther, the founder of the Protestant Reformation, and Melanchthon responded to each other enthusiastically, and their deep friendship developed. The problem was that this interim caused as many problems as the first one for the Lutherans. This is considered to be one of the most important documents in the Lutheran Reformation. ), Melanchthon explored the teachings of Scholasticism, steeped himself in the rhetoric of the Dutch humanist Rodolphus Agricola and the Nominalism of the English philosopher William of Ockham and the ecclesiastical reformer John of Wesel, studied scripture, and read Classical works. At the age of twelve, Philip entered the University of Heidelberg; two years later he completed his bachelor’s degree. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. The Augsburg Confession. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. By the end of 1519 he had already defended scriptural authority against Luther’s opponent Johann Eck, rejected (before Luther did) transubstantiation—the doctrine that the substance of the bread and wine in the Lord’s Supper is changed into the body and blood of Christ—made justification by faith the keystone of his theology, and openly broken with Reuchlin. Melanchthon was impelled by Luther to work for the Reformation; his own inclinations would have kept him a student. Without Luther's influence Melanchthon would have been "a second Erasmus", although h… Melanchthon's importance for the Reformation lay essentially in the fact that he systematized Luther's ideas, defended them in public, and made them the basis of a religious education. Melanchthon was selected because he was one of the most educated men in Germany. After the First Diet of Speyer (1526), where a precarious peace was patched up for the Reform movement, Melanchthon was chosen as one of the 28 commissioners to visit Saxony and regulate the constitution of the churches. While Martin Luther was busy writing on various theological topics, Philip Melanchthon wrote the first general summary of theology from an evangelical perspective: Loci Communes (Basic Concepts). Source: 1. Melanchthon was present when the protest, from which the term Protestant originated, was lodged in the name of freedom of conscience against the Roman Catholic majority at the Second Diet of Speyer (1529). Humanism predominated in Melanchthon’s education, his studies having been directed by a great-uncle, Johannes Reuchlin, who was a famed Hebraist and humanist. In Melanchthon’s writings notidia is used to describe the content of Protestant belief and assens. The German scholar and humanist Philip Melancthon (1497-1560) was the chief systematic theologian of the early Reformation and principal author of the famous Augsburg Confession of 1530. Melanchthon was known for his caution and concern for peace, as well as his great intellect. The largest document in the Book of Concord , its longest chapter, is devoted to the most important truth of the Christian faith: the doctrine of justification by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone . The Smalcald Articles (Martin Luther, 1537) 9. On February 16, 1497, Philip was born in Bretten, Germany where his father was the master of armory for the elector of Saxony. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The Apology (Defense) of the Augsburg Confession (Philip Melanchthon, 1531) 6. In 1507, Melanchthon’s father died, causing Philip to live with his grandmother. Chavanne Professor of Religious Studies, Rice University, Houston, Texas. Philip Melanchthon would be heavily involved in the revision that would become known as the Leipzig Interim. In 1521 Melanchthon published the Loci communes, the first systematic treatment of the new Wittenberg theology developed by Luther. Throughout Philip’s life he was known as a quiet, pious man who was moderate and committed to finding unity. In the last few years of his life, Philip Melanchthon became rather ill. Depending on the clarity of scriptural teaching on any given subject, believers should show humility and understanding to those holding different perspectives. degree, he lectured, with conspicuous success, on the classics and soon had six books to his credit, including Rudiments of the Greek Language (1518), a grammar that was to go through many editions. Through his lectures and textbooks, and the teachers he trained, Melanchthon exercised great influence in Protestant Germany. Loyola attempted to stymie Luther's Reformation, which was reminding the people of the truth and grace found in God's Word. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Choose from 22 different sets of catholic beliefs lutherans confession history catholics flashcards on Quizlet. (See Researcher’s Note: The posting of the theses.) Melanchthon would never live down his involvement in the interim process. But God’s grace consoles man with forgiveness, and man’s works, though imperfect, are a response in joy and gratitude for divine benevolence. He was a grandnephew of the great humanist Johannes Reuchlin, who encouraged him in his studies and deeply influenced his outlook. and Tübingen (1512–14; M.A. In addition to a statement of Evangelical doctrine, it contained an outline of education for the elementary grades, which was enacted into law in Saxony to establish the first public school system. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In addition, he found time to court Katherine Krapp, whom he married in 1520 and who bore him four children—Anna, Philipp, Georg, and Magdalen. In this work, entitled Reply to the Bavarian Inquisition , he also dealt with Flacians, Anabaptists and Anti-Trinitarians obviously placing them in the same boat as the Jesuits. Melanchthon would become the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation. Philip Melanchthon’s impact is difficult to assess because of how closely his life is tied to Matin Luther’s legacy. In 1528 this resulted in the publication of Unterricht der Visitatoren (“Instructions for Visitors”), a set of instructions for the commissioners. When Luther was in hiding at the Wartburg Castle, Melanchthon took over Luther’s lectureship at the university. Melanchthon committed himself wholeheartedly to the new Evangelical cause, initiated the previous year when Luther circulated his Ninety-five Theses. Through Dr. Reuchlin, Philip’s learning was greatly enhanced. While Martin Luther is by any measure the most studied and known reformer, his shadow has obscured the life of a very influential person who assisted him. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window), http://www.lutheranhistory.org/melanchthon/, http://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1201-1500/melanchthon-the-number-two-11629903.html, http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-271, “Philipp Melanchthon 500th Anniversary Exhibit.”, Severance, Diane. Editor of. Corrections? I. BIOGRAPHICAL DATA The "significant theologian in the Reformation / Post Reformation Period" that I have selected is the remarkable Philip Melanchthon (February 16, 1497 - April 19, 1560). Philip Melanchthon wrote the Augsburg Confession and it was read before the imperial court on June 30, 1530. In 1518 Melanchthon accepted an invitation, relayed through Reuchlin, to become the University of Wittenberg’s first professor of Greek. His name was Philip Melanchthon. With the defeat of Protestant forces at Muhlberg in 1547, Melanchthon proposed the Leipzig Interim (significantly, the year after Luther’s death), a compromise with certain Romish beliefs and rites. Live Stream Despite an imperial decree of death to those who supported Luther, in 1521 Melanchthon sharply answered the Sorbonne’s condemnation of 104 statements of Luther with “Against the Furious Decree of the Parisian Theologasters.” When Melanchthon hesitated to publish his lectures on Corinthians, Luther took a copy and published them in 1521 with a preface saying, “It is I who publish these annotations of yours, and send you to yourself.” In 1523 Luther did the same with Melanchthon’s notes on John. We know this: his influence was history-shaping and, like many, has been largely relegated to the dust bin of history. Active during the Protestant Reformation, he was a friend of Martin Luther and defended his views. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The relationship between Luther and Melanchthon is a beautiful example of how great things are not solely accomplished by one individual at the forefront like Martin Luther; almost without exception, there are supporting people who assist from the less visible angle like Philip Melanchthon. While at the Universities of Heidelberg (1509–11; B.A.) This book explores the hitherto neglected relationship between the English Reformation and the Lutheran scholar Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). In Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Melanchthon defends and elaborates upon his previous work, the Augsburg Confession, which is considered to be one of the most significant … Melanchthon was a friend of Martin Luther's and was heavily influenced by his theology, though the pair also disagreed on some key issues. For this, he was again denounced as a traitor by many Lutherans. Luther stated that the book was almost good enough to be considered part of the canon of Scripture. In 1521, during Luther’s stay on the Wartburg, Melanchthon was the leader of the Reformation cause at Wittenberg. In 1521 the Protestant theologian Philip Melanchthon condensed the beliefs of the sixteenth century ‘reformers’ in his book ‘Loci Communes Theologici’, where he defined notitia, assensus, and fiducia as the three essentials of ‘saving grace’. Sin, law, and grace were the principal topics, with free will, vows, hope, confession, and other doctrines subsumed. MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP(1497–1560) Philipp Melanchthon, the German reformer, was born at Bretten, Baden, and died at Wittenberg. I know that Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon tried to oppose the school system introduced by the Catholic Church (according to Luther, Oxford and Cambridge model was influenced by the Paris universities, which in their turn by the Catholic Church). Philip Melanchthon rejected the ideas and the notions of a philosophy that did not have God at the center. Learn catholic beliefs lutherans confession history catholics with free interactive flashcards. During this time he had also published seven more small books and had earned the bachelor of theology degree at Wittenberg. At this point in time, he had already written a Greek textbook. Among them was a theology professor named Martin Luther. In January 1514 when Philip was seventeen, he received his master’s degree from the university at Tübingen and began teaching philosophy as a faculty member immediately.
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