Further, livestock products supply about 13 percent of energy and 28 percent of protein in diets consumed worldwide. [71] In more advanced economies, where modern strains of domestic bee have been selected for docility and productiveness, various designs of hive are used which enable the combs to be removed for processing and extraction of honey. As the ecological impact of this land management strategy is similar to the impact of such natural disturbances as a wildfire, this agricultural system shares many beneficial characteristics with a natural habitat, including the promotion of biodiversity. The larvae feed on mulberry leaves and in Europe, only one generation is normally raised each year as this is a deciduous tree. Under his influence, English farmers began to breed cattle for use primarily as beef. [62], Poultry, kept for their eggs and for their meat, include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. [32] Other forage crops are also grown and many of these, as well as crop residues, can be ensiled to fill the gap in the nutritional needs of livestock in the lean season. A mature broiler, on the other hand, weighs between 4 and 5 pounds, so it takes as many as 250 birds to make up an animal unit. [101], Farm animals are widespread in books and songs for children; the reality of animal husbandry is often distorted, softened, or idealized, giving children an almost entirely fictitious account of farm life. Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. [1] Farmers and ranchers who raise livestock are considered to practice animal husbandry; in modern times, large agricultural companies relying on mass production and advanced technology have largely superseded individual farmers as the chief food-animal producers in developed countries. Some, like classical swine fever[39] and scrapie[40] are specific to one type of stock, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease affect all cloven-hoofed animals. Habitat is destroyed by clearing forests and converting land to grow feed crops and for animal grazing, while predators and herbivores are frequently targeted and hunted because of a perceived threat to livestock profits; for example, animal husbandry is responsible for up to 91% of the deforestation in the Amazon region. Whole bays, lakes or ponds may be devoted to aquaculture, or the farmed animal may be retained in cages (fish), artificial reefs, racks or strings (shellfish). Camels were domesticated soon after this,[9] with the Bactrian camel in Mongolia and the Arabian camel becoming beasts of burden. A typical steer weighs about 1,000 pounds, or 1 animal unit, and most hogs weigh between 200 and 300 pounds, or 0.2 to 0.3 animal unit. Possible measures of welfare include longevity, behavior, physiology, reproduction, freedom from disease, and freedom from immunosuppression. [11], In ancient Rome, all the livestock known in ancient Egypt were available. Litter on the floor absorbs the droppings and the area occupied is expanded as they grow. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive. [93][94], Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals. [63], In the developed world, the majority of the poultry reared for meat is raised indoors in big sheds, with automated equipment under environmentally controlled conditions. [34] [22], At the other extreme, in the more developed parts of the world, animals are often intensively managed; dairy cows may be kept in zero-grazing conditions with all their forage brought to them; beef cattle may be kept in high density feedlots;[27] pigs may be housed in climate-controlled buildings and never go outdoors;[28] poultry may be reared in barns and kept in cages as laying birds under lighting-controlled conditions. [36][37], Selective breeding has been responsible for large increases in productivity. Due to modern technology, the number of ways of animal usage has increased like. [105] Historic farms such as those in the United States offer farmstays and "a carefully curated version of farming to those willing to pay for it",[106] sometimes giving visitors a romanticised image of a pastoral idyll from an unspecified time in the pre-industrial past. Horses took over from oxen as the main providers of traction, new ideas on. 1 Martin, C. et al. The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This strategy is declining in Europe today due to the intensification of agriculture. On poorer soil such as in uplands, animals are often kept more extensively, and may be allowed to roam widely, foraging for themselves. [24] Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. In some parts of the world, livestock includes species such as buffalo, and the South American camelids, the alpaca and llama. Chickens raised in this way are known as broilers, and genetic improvements have meant that they can be grown to slaughter weight within six or seven weeks of hatching. In addition, rabbits were domesticated for food by the first century BC. Feed and water is supplied automatically and the lighting is controlled. For better or for worse, agriculture was a driving force behind the growth of civilizations. [48][49][50] Some authorities use much broader definitions to include fish in aquaculture, micro-livestock such as rabbits and rodents like guinea pigs, as well as insects from honey bees to crickets raised for human consumption. Modern animal husbandry relies on production systems adapted to the type of land available. Ranching in the Western United States involves large herds of cattle grazing widely over public and private lands. [52][53] Animals are also kept for more specialised purposes, such as to produce vaccines[54] and antiserum (containing antibodies) for medical use. [80] Animal agriculture contributes to species extinction in various ways. 1. [61] Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions. He likes food, beer, dogs, horses, and country sports; he is practical and down to earth, and anti-intellectual. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167, 7-15. Strategies include using biogas from manure,[84] genetic selection,[85][86] immunization, rumen defaunation, outcompetition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens,[87] introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen,[88][89] diet modification and grazing management, among others. Most livestock are herbivores, except for pigs and chickens which are omnivores. The pigs in turn passed the infection to humans. By 1000 BC, caravans of Arabian camels were linking India with Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale. [8], Meanwhile, in South America, the llama and the alpaca had been domesticated, probably before 3,000 BC, as beasts of burden and for their wool. Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. [36], Good husbandry, proper feeding, and hygiene are the main contributors to animal health on the farm, bringing economic benefits through maximised production. It is responsible for somewhere between 20 and 33% of the fresh water usage in the world,[77] and livestock, and the production of feed for them, occupy about a third of the earth's ice-free land. [22] In the traditional system of transhumance, people and livestock moved seasonally between fixed summer and winter pastures; in montane regions the summer pasture was up in the mountains, the winter pasture in the valleys. Extensive systems involve animals roaming at will, or under the supervision of a herdsman, often for their protection from predators.
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